Focused Constraint
Virtual manipulatives focus and constrain student attention on mathematical objects and processes (Moyer-Packenham & Westenskow, 2013). Properly designed virtual manipulative limit users to interactions that make its mathematical properties explicate. By illuminating the important properties, students are then able to form generalizations and abstraction (Moyer-Packenham & Westenskow, 2013; Durmus, Karakirik, & Baysal, 2006).